| Sıra | DOSYA ADI | Format | Bağlantı |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01. | Included Retirement Protection Sling | pptx | Sunumu İndir |
Transkript
U.S. Department of Labor - OSHASusan Harwood GrantSH-05018-SH8ADVANCED RIGGING PRINCIPLESHoisting Applications Using Synthetic Rope
AcknowledgementThis material was produced under a 2018 Susan Harwood Training Grant (SH-05018-SH8) from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), U.S. Department of Labor. It does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
Advanced Rigging Principles Course OrganizationThe training is organized into six sections. The following sections and topics are covered in this training: Section 1: Introduction to NATE and OSHA Section 2: State of the Industry Section 3: Primary Regulations, Codes, Standards, and Policies Section 4: Synthetic Rope Section 5: Rigging Forces and Lift Systems Section 6: Hoisting Operations, Execution and Communication
Turning Point TechnologyIn this training you will utilize Turning Point interactive response software.You will be asked questions and receive real-time feedback with handheld mobile devices. Results are instantly displayed on the screen and collected in detailed reports to ensure all participants are accounted for.
Pancake : Griddle :: Hamburger : ?A. LettuceB. GrillC. BunD. Ketchup5
What is your age?A. 18-24B. 25-34C. 35-44D. 45-54E. 55-64F. 65 and up6
What is the size of your employer?A. I don’t knowB. 2-10 employeesC. 11-50 employeesD. 51-100 employeesE. More than 150 employees7
Does your company directly perform on-site construction?A. YesB. No8
Do you create rigging plans?A. YesB. No9
What primary sector do you service?A. WirelessB. BroadcastC. Wireless and BroadcastD. UtilitiesE. Public Safety10
What is your primary responsibility for construction activities?A. Office SupportB. Field TechC. Safety OfficerD. Not directly involved11
Introduction to NATE and OSHASection 1
Topics Introduction to NATE and OSHA Importance of NATE and OSHA Responsibilities of the employer under OSHA Employee rights under OSHA
About NATE Global Leader in Industry Safety and Best Practices for 23 Years Voice of Tower Construction, Service and Maintenance Industry Diverse Membership make-up consisting of over 815 member companies
About OSHAOn December 29, 1970, President Nixon signed the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSH Act) into law. The OSH Act created the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to assure safe and healthful working conditions for working men and women by setting and enforcing standards and by providing training, outreach, education and assistance.
Works with employers and employees to reduce workplace hazards through partnerships and alliances; Introduces new or improves upon existing safety and health programs; Utilizes consensuses standards through an agreement with ANSI; Educates on safety and health rules that are designed to protect workers; Enforces the rules through inspection and citations; Monitors job-related injuries and illnesses through electronic records and reporting; and Conducts a variety of inspections to include: accidents, fatalities, complaints and programmed inspections.What Does OSHA Do?
Workers Have the Right To: Safe and healthful working conditions; File a confidential complaint with OSHA to have their workplace inspected; Review records of work-related injuries and illnesses; Receive training regarding the OSHA standards that apply to their workplace; Report any injury or illness without retaliation or discrimination; Obtain copies of test results done to find hazards in the workplace; and Obtain copies of their medical records.Source: OSHA 3021-09R 2011, www.osha.gov/workers.html
Employers Must: Provide a workplace free from recognized hazards and comply with standards, rules and regulations issued under the OSHA Act; Eliminate or reduce hazards by making feasible changes in working conditions; Not discriminate against employees who exercise their rights under the Act; Inform employees of hazards through training, labels, alarms, etc.; Train employees in a language/vocabulary employees can understand; and Keep accurate records of work-related injuries and illnesses.Source: OSHA 3021-09R 2011, www.osha.gov/workers.html
OSHA Whistleblower Protection Visit www.osha.gov/workers.html or call 800-321-OSHA. Be prepared to provide specific details regarding your company and the type of hazard or discrimination being reported. Keep a confidential record of all details. Once a complaint is filed or reported, an investigation is normally warranted (see criteria on website).Source: OSHA 3021-09R 2011, www.osha.gov/workers.html
SECTION 1 REVIEW QUESTIONS
What OSHA whistleblower statutes are designed to provide employees the freedom to report violations and protect employees from the following acts of retribution?A. Being blacklistedB. DemotionC. Being denied promotion or overtimeD. Pay reductionE. All of the above21
Employees can report hazards and violations to OSHA through which mediums?A. By phone: 800-321-OSHAB. By website: osha.gov/workers.htmlC. All of the aboveD. None of the above22
Section 2State of the Industry
Topics Industry Statistics Incident Review Rigging Failures and Near Misses
Perspective Industry Fatality StatisticsYear Fatalities 2003 152004 112005 72006 192007 112008 122009 52010 72011 72012 12013 142014 102015 42016 72017 82018 5 Total Fatalities 143
CTIA – The Wireless Association Over 15 trillion MB carried over U.S. wireless networks last year, which is another annual record. A record 323,448 cell sites were in operation at the end of 2017. CTIA indicates that today’s average download speed of 22.69 Mbps is a 60% increase from 2014. 2018 Wireless SnapshotSource: 2018 CTIA State of Wireless Report: https://api.ctia.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/CTIA_State-of-Wireless-2018_0710.pdf
Trends and StatisticsLoad Rope Condition Excessive Rigging ForcesCapstan UtilizationImproper Rigging EquipmentSlings Gross Load TransferOther02468101214Reported Rigging Incidents - Technical Root CauseSample of 35 Reported Rigging Incidents2016 – 112017 – 122018 - 13
Incident #1
Incident #2
Incident #3
Incident #4
Incident #5
Trends and Statistics2016 2017 2018024681012Reported Rigging Incidents Per SOWTower Modification ConstructionAntenna & Line ConstructionSample of 35 Reported Rigging IncidentsL&A Structural Mods2016 10 12017 11 12018 12 1
Antenna & Line Construction:• Approximately 25,000 jobs were sampled for incidents each year• 12 reported L&A Incidents for 2018 sample• Reported rigging incidents rates1 out of 2,083 jobsTower Modification Construction:• Approximately 2,500 jobs were sampled for incidents each year• 1 reported Structural Modification Incident for 2018 sample• Reported rigging incidents rates1 out of 2,500 jobsTrends and Statistics
Tower OwnersImpacts to the IndustryCarriersGeneral ContractorRegulatoryLandownerSub-ContractorPublicMediaConsumer
Section 3Primary Regulations, Codes, Standards and Policies
Topics Primary Regulations, Codes, Standards and Policies Telecommunications Industry Standards Roles and Responsibilities A10.48 Construction Classes Communications
Federal Regulations for General Industry and Construction establish laws set forth by the DOL and represent minimum requirements which must be satisfied to safeguard employee health, safety and welfare. State Regulations may build on Federal Regulations to establish more stringent requirements, but may not set forth requirements below those established at a Federal level. Building Codes adopted and enforced by one or more government entity and contain collection of evolving standards by direct or indirect reference. ANSI Standards represent voluntary guidelines to a given trade or industry developed by a consensus of committee members representing private stakeholders, trade organizations, and professional societies in compliance with the ANSI rules. Consensus Standards represent voluntary guidelines to a given trade or industry developed by a consensus of committee members representing private stakeholders, trade organizations, and professional societies. Consensus standards can be enforceable when referenced/recognized by Regulations or Codes Owner/Company/Customer PoliciesRegulations, Codes, Standards and Policies
Rigging Equipment Standards Standard Rigging Equipment Used For Lifting and Load Handling Purposes Shall be Specifically Certified for Such Applications in Accordance With Applicable ANSI/ASME B30 StandardsASME B30.9: SlingsASME B30.10: HooksASME B30.26: Shackles, Links, Rings, Rigging Blocks, and Load Indicating Devices
Applicable ANSI Standards ANSI/ASSE A10.48 – Criteria for Safety Practices with the Construction, Demolition, Modification and Maintenance of communications structures. ANSI/TIA 222 – Structural Standard for Antenna Supporting Structures, Antennas and Small Wind Turbine Support Structures. ANSI/TIA 322 – Loading Analysis, and Design Criteria Related to the Installation, Alteration and Maintenance of Communication Structures. Note: ANSI/TIA-222-H directly references 322/A10.48 (i.e. 2018 IBC consequently indirectly ref 322/A10.48).
Rope Standards Cordage Institute CI 2001-04 – Fiber Rope Inspection and Retirement Criteria Cordage Institute is an international association of rope, twine, and related manufacturers, their suppliers, and affiliated industries. This is a consensus standard.
A10.48 Standard Climber Connection Video
SECTION 3 REVIEW QUESTIONS
Which of the following is the most industry specific standard for safe work practices on a communication structure? A. ANSI/TIA 322B. ANSI/ASME B30.26C. OSHA 29 CFR 1926D. ANSI/ASSE A10.4844
Who is responsible for the on-site execution of a rigging plan per ANSI A10.48?A. Tower Technician IIB. Qualified PersonC. Competent RiggerD. Qualified Engineer45
Which construction class always requires engagement of a qualified engineer?A. Class IVB. Class IC. Class IIID. Class II46
Which standard contains inspection and retirement criteria for synthetic ropes?A. ANSI/ASME B30.9B. Cordage Institute 2001-04C. ANSI/TIA – 222D. ANSI/ASSE A10.4847
Section 4Synthetic Rope
TopicsHaving knowledge of all equipment in your lifting plan is critical. Synthetic Rope Blocks, Slings, and Shackles Selection/Marking, Use, and Maintenance/Inspection System Compatibility
Kernmantle Rope Is ideal for use in rescue, lifelines, ascent/decent rope access work. Highest Strength/Weight Ratio. The most frequent kernmantle rope diameters used in telecom is 12mm (1/2”).
Double Braid Rope Most common type of rope used for hoisting is Double Braid. Double Braid is a braided core surrounded by a braided sheath. Both braids share the load equally. Ideal for load rope.
3 Strand Rope Most common type of rope used for chase rope. 5/8” is sometimes used as a backup lifeline. Remember that life safety ropes can never be used for material handling. Allows users to take their primary rope out of service for proper storage and inspection, and easily get back to operation.
Know Your Rope Knowing your rope specifications is critical. Type of Rope Rope Manufacturer Date of Manufacturing MBS Where can this information be found?
Terms for Rigging ABS Average Breaking Strength MBS Minimum Breaking Strength SWL Being Phased Out WLL Working Load Limit The minimum breaking load of a component divided by an appropriate factor of safety giving a maximum load that can be lifted or be carried. (WLL) For Ropes, is 10% of the (MBS) minimum breaking strength FS Factor of Safety 10:1
Diameter & MBS Breaking Strength of Synthetic Rope must be known. Below is an example of one manufacturer’s Double Braid. Each manufacturer’s ratings are different, as different constructions and materials are used.Example:
Calculating WLLBreaking Strength ÷ Factor of SafetyYou have a ½” Double Braid Polyester rope that has a MBS of 11,000 pounds.What is the WLL that can be safely lifted?
Calculating WLLBreaking Strength ÷ Factor of SafetyYou have a ½” Double Braid Polyester rope that has a MBS of 11,000 pounds.Answer: 11,000 (MBS) ÷ 10 = 1,100 lbs.
Knots & Terminations~98%~50-80%~90%
Cordage Institute Cordage Institute is an international association of rope manufacturers, nearly 100 years old, that creates uniform rope standards CI 2001-04 Fiber Rope Inspection & Retirement Criteria
CI 2001-04 Guidelines Of particular interest to our industry is Section 4 Inspection & Retirement Programs The following sections present the requirements for an effective inspection and retirement program.
CI 2001-04 Guidelines 4.1.1 The user is responsible to establish a program for inspection and retirement that considers conditions of use and degree of risk for the particular application. A program should include: Assignment of supervisory responsibility. The user should assign an individual responsible for establishing the program, for training and qualifying inspectors and preserving records. Written procedures Training Record keeping Establishment of retirement criteria for each application. Schedule for inspections.
CI 2001-04 Requirements 4.1.2 Ropes that secure or control valuable assets or whose failure would cause serious damage, pollution, or threat to life warrant more scrutiny than ropes in non-critical use. If a fiber rope is used in a highly demanding application, with potentially critical risks, the advice of a qualified person should be obtained when developing the specific inspection and retirement program.
CI 2001-04 Requirements 4.1.3 The user should continue to revise and refine the program based on experience.
Rope Inspection Log CI 2001-4.3 “An important tool for rope evaluation is a log. This will include data on the type of rope, time in service and description of intended use. The details of every inspection should be entered in the log as to date, location and conclusions. The log should include a regular inspection schedule.” CI 2001-5.1.1 During the inspection, identify the rope with a tag. Shrink tube is an inexpensive solution.
Sample Rope Log
Rope InspectionSection 6 outlines common causes of rope damage and describes their effects. These include: Excessive Tension / Shock Loading Cyclic Tension Wear Nicks, Cuts, and Abrasion Damage Pulled Strands and Yarns Flex Fatigue Knots Creep Sunlight Degradation Chemical and Heat Degradation Dirt and Grit
Rope Inspection Take note of factors such as load history, bending radius, abrasion, chemical exposure. Inspecting your rope should be a continuous process of observation, during, and after each use. Look and feel along every inch of rope length inspecting for cut strands, compression, pulled strands, melted or glazed fibers, discoloration, degradation, inconsistent diameter and abrasion. Signs of these may indicate possible loss of strength.
Rope InspectionsCan this rope be used safely?Glossy/Glazed: Glossy or glazed areas in rope indicate that it has been exposed to heat damage or compression. Remove affected section. If not possible, retire rope.
Rope InspectionsCan this rope be used safely?Inconsistent Diameter: Look for flat areas, bumps, or lumps in the rope. This can be a sign of core or internal damage from overloading or shock loads. Remove affected section. If not possible, retire rope.
Rope InspectionsCan this rope be used safely?Wear: Any kind of burns, cuts, nicks, broken yarns, or excess wear (50% on double braid) on the sheath is also a sign that the rope needs to be removed from service.
Rope InspectionsCan this rope be used safely?Discoloration: Ropes get dirty, but if the discoloration is from excess sun exposure or chemicals, the rope should be removed from service. Determining if discoloration is from dirt and grime or something more like sun exposure or chemicals is much easier if you regularly clean your rope.
Rope Care & Maintenance Washing Dirt and grease causes internal fiber abrasion, and shortens its life. Wash by hand in a bath with non-bleaching, non-detergent soap. Drying Dry your rope in a clean, dry area out of the sun.Recording Record the cleaning in your rope log.
Rope StorageStorage Store your rope in a cool, clean, dark, dry environment. Excess humidity will damage your rope.
Other ComponentsANSI B30 Compliant Blocks, Shackles, Slings
Blocks ASME B30.26 Safety Factor SF 4:1 Only use blocks designed to be used with synthetic rope. Blocks must have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before losing the ability to support the load.
BlocksBlock sheave and block groove must be compatible to rope size
DO NOT USE
Block Marking Requirements Blocks must have the following durable markings: Name or trademark of manufacturer Rated load (WLL) Rope size capacity Identification must be maintained by the user so as to be legible throughout the life of the block.
Block Inspections Inspections should be performed by a designated person. Any perceived deficiencies must be examined by a qualified person to determine whether they constitute a hazard. A visual inspection shall be performed each shift before the block is used. Periodic inspection by a qualified person with a frequency not less than once per year, consult ASME B30.26-5.8.4 in order to determine the frequency necessary for your application.
Block Retirement Rigging blocks shall be removed from service if conditions such as those included in, but not limited to, the list below are present: Missing/illegible identification Misalignment or wobble in sheaves Excessive sheave groove wear Loose more missing hardware Indications of heat damage including weld patter or arc strikes Excessive pitting or corrosion Bent, cracked, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, or broken load bearing components A 10% reduction in catalog dimension at any point Evidence of unauthorized modifications Visible damage that cause doubt as to the continued use of the block
Sling Marking Requirements Per ASME B30.9, each synthetic web sling shall have: Tag must be present Tag must identify Manufacturer Chocked, vertical and basket configuration Sling Material Date Serial Number
ASME B30.9 Sling Inspections
Sling InspectionsCan these slings be used safely?
Sling InspectionsCan these slings be used safely?
Sling InspectionsCan these slings be used safely?
Inspection Requirements Three types of inspection: Initial Inspection- when you first receive it Frequent Inspection- each time used, prior to use and prior to change in application Periodic / Annual inspection Inspect it by pulling the sling through your hand and looking for visible signs. If you feel something, or see something that causes doubt, REMOVE FROM SERVICE.
Endless Synthetic Sling ChartThe outer jacket of the sling is for protection of the material that is actually providing the sling’s capacity
Shackle Marking RequirementsPer ASME B30.26, each shackle shall have: Safety Factor SF 5:1 Shackle must have sufficient ductility to permanently deform before losing the ability to support the load Markings on shackle body Name or trademark of manufacturer Rated load Size Marking on Shackle Pin Name or trademark of manufacturer Grade, material type, or load rating
Shackle Inspections Inspections should be performed by a designated person. Any perceived deficiencies must be examined by a qualified person to determine whether they constitute a hazard. A visual inspection shall be performed each shift before the shackle is used. Periodic inspection by a qualified person with a frequency not less than once per year, consult ASME B30.26-1.8.4 in order to determine the frequency necessary for your application.
Shackle Retirement Shackles shall be removed from service if conditions such as those included in, but not limited to, the list below are present: Missing/illegible identification Indications of heat damage, including weld splatter Excessive pitting or corrosion Bent, twisted, distorted, stretched, elongated, cracked or broken load bearing components Excessive nicks or gouges A 10% reduction in catalog dimension at any point Incomplete pin engagement Excessive thread damage Evidence of modification Visible damage that cause doubt as to the continued use of the shackle
Your system is only as strong as its weakest link. What parts you need to consider? Rope Size/Manufacturer Rope Termination Rope Care/Maintenance Block for proper use Block Size & Construction Appropriate Slings & Shackles Etc.System Compatibility
SECTION 4 REVIEW QUESTIONS
What information must be durably marked on the rigging block? A. Working load limitB. Rope lengthC. Date of manufactureD. Part number93
What is the WLL of a synthetic rope with a MBS of 11,000 lbs.?A. 2,200 lbs.B. 5,500 lbs.C. 11,000 lbs.D. 1,100 lbs.94
The best place to store rope not in use is?A. The bed of a truckB. A moist locationC. Clean, dark, dry locationD. The ground95
The standards group which has developed a standard for the inspection and retirement of rope is?A. American Society of Mechanical EngineersB. Cordage InstituteC. TIA (Telecommunications Industry Association)D. OSHA96
It is important to regularly clean your rope because?A. A clean rope is a good ropeB. It protects it from the sunC. Prevents rope tanglingD. Dirt causes internal friction and weakens rope97
What information should be included in a rope inspection log?A. Date of manufacturingB. Storage methodC. Country of manufacturing D. Temperature98
What is the weakest link in this hoisting system?A. 1,000 lbs. Capstan HoistB. 3/8” Double Braid Rope with 5,000 MBSC. Block (2 tons)D. ½” Shackle (2 tons)99
Section 5Rigging Forces and Lift Systems
Topics Typical Lift Configurations Sling Forces Block Forces Line Forces Worked Examples
Calculation Notes Calculated rigging forces provided in this presentation are intended for synthetic rope hoisting operations using typical 1,000 lbs. Capstan hoists. Calculations are based upon the following assumptions: Block and Sling Forces assume constant line tension through the system (no friction and no reduction for fall line weight) Line pull demands seen at hoist include compensation for fall line weight and friction in the reeved sheave assembliesNOTE: Additional considerations may be required for more complex lifting systems including, but not limited to, line parts of 3 or more, 3 or more reeved sheaves, and/or gin pole applications.
Typical Lift Configurations Four Standard Lifting Block Arrangements:1) Top Block Only With Straight Tag2) Top And Heel Blocks With Straight Tag3) Integrated Trolley (aka Self-Trolley)4) Dedicated Trolley
Typical Lift ConfigurationsStraight Tag With Top Block Only: PROS:• Simple system incorporating only one block• Easy to setup CONS:• Tag line must be kept away from load line• Load line can act as a visual obstruction• Difficult for hoist operator to visually identify clearance issues during hoisting• Applies vertical load to hoisting unit (must ensure mounting unit is rated for vertical loading)• Less overall load control• Increased tendency for shock/impact loads• Increased tendency for developing high imposed rigging forces due to tag forces
Typical Lift ConfigurationsStraight Tag With Top and Heel Blocks: PROS:• Provides added control to lead line and removes visual obstruction• Allows more diverse hoist setup options CONS:• More difficult to employ on towers with multiple obstructions/equipment below working elevations (may require reeving through obstructions)• Increased tendency for shock/impact loads• Increased tendency for developing high imposed rigging forces due to tag forces
Typical Lift ConfigurationsIntegrated Trolley (aka Self-Trolley): PROS:• Simple system incorporating only one block• Easy to setup• Uses single line for both lifting and control• Provides good load control• Predictable rigging forces in load line CONS:• Limits hoist setup locations• Clear distance from structure/obstructions cannot be easily manipulated during lift (issue for obstructions and multiple work elevations)• Applies vertical load to hoisting unit (must ensure mounting unit is rated for vertical loading)• Load angle and load line clear distance reduces as load is raised, and is significantly less during lowering operations due to sheave friction
Typical Lift ConfigurationsDedicated Trolley: PROS:• Provides added control to lead line and removes visual obstruction• Allows diverse hoist setup options• Superior load control• Tag induces least force onto load• Predictable rigging forces in load line CONS:• Requires additional rigging attachments which requires additional crew members to properly monitor• More difficult to employ on towers with multiple obstructions/equipment below working elevations (may require reeving through obstructions)
Sling ForcesTo determine Sling Force, must know:1) Applied Load2) Sling Hitch Configuration3) Sling Angle
Sling ForcesTypes of Hitches:Vertical Hitch Choker Hitch Basket Hitch Bridle HitchMultiple Slings
Sling ForcesVertical and Choker Hitches:APPLIED LOADAPPLIED LOADANCHORED ENDANCHORED ENDSling Leg Force=Applied Load
Sling ForcesSymmetrically Loaded Basket Hitches & 2-Leg Bridle Hitches:APPLIED LOADANCHORED ENDAPPLIED LOADANCHORED ENDSSling Leg Force=( Applied Load2 )× Angle Factor
Sling ForcesSling Angle:• Acute angle between sling leg and the plane perpendicular to the direction of the applied load• For lifting applications, angle measured from horizontal to sling leg while accounting for incline in the rendered plane
Sling ForcesCRITICAL POINT:• At 30° Sling Angle, Load Factor = 2.0Exponential Relationshipi l l i iLinear Relationshipi l ti i
Sling ForcesSling Angle Factors:90° 1.000 55° 1.22185° 1.004 50° 1.30580° 1.015 45° 1.41475° 1.035 40° 1.55670° 1.064 35° 1.74365° 1.103 30° 2.00060° 1.155 DO NOT SET BELOW 30°SLING ANGLE FACTORANGLE, ϴ AFSLING ANGLE FACTORANGLE, ϴ AFCritical Angles To Remember:1) 60°: Recommended Min Angle per ANSI/ASSE A10.482) 45°: Min Angle per ANSI/ASSE A10.48 ~ Below 45° Requires Special Approval3) 30°: Min Angle per ASME B30.9 ~ Below 30° Requires Special Attention
Block ForcesTo determine Block Force, must know:1) Line Tension2) Block Included Angle
Block ForcesINCLUDED ANGLE, ϴTENSION IN LINE, PTENSION IN LINE, PBLOCK FORCE, FBlock Force=Line T ension× Angle Factor Included Angle, :ϴ• Angle formed between legs of linee.g. Straight vertical lift ~ =0°ϴ Angle Factor, AF:• Multiplication factor based on Included Angle
ANGLE, ϴ AFANGLE, ϴ AF ANGLE, ϴ AF ANGLE, ϴ AF170° 0.17440° 1.879 85° 1.475 130° 0.845 175° 0.08735° 1.907 80° 1.532 125° 0.923160° 0.34730° 1.932 75° 1.587 120° 1.000 165° 0.26125° 1.953 70° 1.638 115° 1.075150° 0.51820° 1.970 65° 1.687 110° 1.147 155° 0.43315° 1.983 60° 1.732 105° 1.218140° 0.68410° 1.992 55° 1.774 100° 1.286 145° 0.6015° 1.998 50° 1.813 95° 1.351INCLUDED ANGLE FACTOR0° 2.000 45° 1.848 90° 1.414 135° 0.765INCLUDED ANGLE FACTOR INCLUDED ANGLE FACTOR INCLUDED ANGLE FACTORBlock Forces Two Key Standard Angle Factors To Remember:1) Top Block Angle Factor: During lift and setting the load, ϴmin=0° AF ~ 2.02) Heel Block Angle Factor: typically ranges from 85°-95° ϴ AF ~ 1.5
Line Forces To determine Line Forces, must know:1) Gross load weight2) Tag method3) Number of line parts4) Sheave frictional resistance5) Load position and tag angles
Line ForcesLoad WeightRigging Weight• Overhaul ball/weight, slings, shackles, etc.Tag Line Weight• Only include for Straight Tag configurationsLoad Line Weight• Do not need to include fall line weight to hoistLoad SideGross Load, WT:WT = Lifted Load + Rigging Weight on Load Side Fall Line (To Hoist)
Line ForcesTag Method: Straight Tag Trolley Tag Integrated Trolley (aka Self-Trolley) Dedicated Trolley
Line ForcesStraight Tag: Tag Line force is directly transferred into the Load Line Increased tendency for developing excessive forces in the Load Line Increased tendency for shock/impact loading Provides simple means for controlling the load with minimal attachments
Line ForcesTrolley Tag: Tag Line force is NOT transferred into the Load Line During active lifting, the tag line actually relieves force from the load line; however, the Load Line ultimately supports the full Gross Load during the initial lift and final landing Predictable Load Line force Provides superior load control More so for Dedicated Trolley Configurations Requires additional attachments which must be monitored during hoisting operations
Line ForcesNumber of Line Parts:LOADLOADFall Line (To Hoist)Fall Line (To Hoist)Single Part 2-Part
Line ForcesLine Parting Principles: Multi-parting the line provides a mechanical advantage for hoisting operations 2-parting the line is most common for hoisting applications with synthetic rope Results in loss of load travel speed Increases frictional resistance of the hoisting system Important to consider attachment anchorage location for dead-end If attached to rigging block becket, the additional line tension must be added to the resulting block force
Line ForcesLine Parting Principles: 2-Part Hoisting Configuration Provides up to a 2:1 mechanical advantage not accounting for block angles and friction Actual mechanical advantage typically ranges from around 1.5-1.9:1 for most common configurations System Components: Blocks Dead-End Parts of LineLOADStationaryBlockTravellingBlockDead-EndDead Line(To Dead-End)Fall Line (To Hoist)Return Line
Line ForcesMechanical Advantage for Typical 2-Part Arrangements: Must account for bearing type and total reeved sheaves in the system Losses attributed to sheave friction results in less mechanical advantageNOTE:1) Typical 2-Part arrangement with top and heel blocks will have a minimum of 3 reeved sheaves ~ heel block, top block, and travelling block.2) Each additional diverter/fairlead must be considered, and ultimately decreases the systems mechanical efficiency. TOTAL NO 2-PART MECHANICAL ADVANTAGEREEVED SHEAVES, S STD PLAIN BEARINGS STD BRONZE BUSHINGS STD ROLLER BEARINGS(K=1.09) (K=1.045) (K=1.02)2 1.759 1.873 1.9423 1.614 1.792 1.9034 1.481 1.715 1.8665 1.358 1.641 1.8306 1.246 1.570 1.794Table based on common Bearing Constants, K, as specified
Line ForcesSheave Frictional Resistance:SHEAVE FRICTION FACTOR, SFFTOTAL NO NO OF LINE PARTS, NREEVED 1-Part 2-Part 3-Part 4-PartSHEAVES, S PB BB SRB PB BB SRB PB BB SRB PB BB SRB1 1.090 1.045 1.020 - - - - - - - - -2 1.188 1.092 1.040 1.137 1.068 1.030 - - - - - -3 1.295 1.141 1.061 1.239 1.116 1.051 1.185 1.091 1.040 - - -4 1.412 1.193 1.082 1.351 1.166 1.072 1.292 1.140 1.061 1.235 1.115 1.0505 1.539 1.246 1.104 1.472 1.219 1.093 1.408 1.192 1.082 1.346 1.165 1.0726 1.677 1.302 1.126 1.605 1.274 1.115 1.535 1.245 1.104 1.467 1.218 1.0937 1.828 1.361 1.149 1.749 1.331 1.137 1.673 1.301 1.126 1.599 1.272 1.1158 1.993 1.422 1.172 1.907 1.391 1.160 1.824 1.360 1.149 1.743 1.330 1.1379 2.172 1.486 1.195 2.078 1.453 1.183 1.988 1.421 1.172 1.900 1.389 1.16010 2.367 1.553 1.219 2.265 1.519 1.207 2.167 1.485 1.195 2.071 1.452 1.183Table based on bearing constants, K, of: Plain Bearings, PB=1.09 l Bronze Bushings, BB=1.045 l Steel Roller Bearings, SRB=1.02
Line ForcesLoad Position and Tag Angles: Angles and resulting line forces CHANGE throughout the various stages of the lift based on the tag force applied to create the horizontal clear distance needed to keep the load a safe distance from the structure and other obstructions. Must consider ENTIRE lifting operation from ground level to uppermost position to properly assess the maximum line forces created in the Load Line and Tag Line.
Line ForcesLoad Position and Tag Angles:ØαRISERUNEx. For a top block rigged at 250 feet with the load positioned at 50 feet from the tower base, the would equal or 5.0, which equates to Load Position Angle, , of between 11°-12°θθ RISE α θ RISE α θ RISE α θ RISE α θ RISE α θ RISE α(deg) RUN (deg) (deg) RUN (deg) (deg) RUN (deg) (deg) RUN (deg) (deg) RUN (deg) (deg) RUN (deg)90° --- 0° 75° 0.27 15° 60° 0.58 30° 45° 1.00 45° 30° 1.73 60° 15° 3.73 75°89° 0.02 1° 74° 0.29 16° 59° 0.60 31° 44° 1.04 46° 29° 1.80 61° 14° 4.01 76°88° 0.03 2° 73° 0.31 17° 58° 0.62 32° 43° 1.07 47° 28° 1.88 62° 13° 4.33 77°87° 0.05 3° 72° 0.32 18° 57° 0.65 33° 42° 1.11 48° 27° 1.96 63° 12° 4.70 78°86° 0.07 4° 71° 0.34 19° 56° 0.67 34° 41° 1.15 49° 26° 2.05 64° 11° 5.14 79°85° 0.09 5° 70° 0.36 20° 55° 0.70 35° 40° 1.19 50° 25° 2.14 65° 10° 5.67 80°84° 0.11 6° 69° 0.38 21° 54° 0.73 36° 39° 1.23 51° 24° 2.25 66° 9° 6.31 81°83° 0.12 7° 68° 0.40 22° 53° 0.75 37° 38° 1.28 52° 23° 2.36 67° 8° 7.12 82°82° 0.14 8° 67° 0.42 23° 52° 0.78 38° 37° 1.33 53° 22° 2.48 68° 7° 8.14 83°81° 0.16 9° 66° 0.45 24° 51° 0.81 39° 36° 1.38 54° 21° 2.61 69° 6° 9.51 84°80° 0.18 10° 65° 0.47 25° 50° 0.84 40° 35° 1.43 55° 20° 2.75 70° 5° 11.43 85°79° 0.19 11° 64° 0.49 26° 49° 0.87 41° 34° 1.48 56° 19° 2.90 71° 4° 14.30 86°78° 0.21 12° 63° 0.51 27° 48° 0.90 42° 33° 1.54 57° 18° 3.08 72° 3° 19.08 87°77° 0.23 13° 62° 0.53 28° 47° 0.93 43° 32° 1.60 58° 17° 3.27 73° 2° 28.64 88°76° 0.25 14° 61° 0.55 29° 46° 0.97 44° 31° 1.66 59° 16° 3.49 74° 1° 57.29 89°???????
Line Forces At minimum, resulting angles must be considered at the following lift positions:1) Ground Level2) Any Obstruction(s)3) Uppermost Lift Position For most operations, it is best practice to base your line force calculations using the Maximum Load Position Angle and Maximum Tag Angle.
Line ForcesLoad Position Angle, Ø: Angle between true vertical and the rendered Load Line Best practice is to limit to 5° or less Once you exceed 10° on Straight Tag configurations, Load Line force can become excessiveØNOTE: Standoff distance at 5° equals a RISE/RUN ratio of 11.4 Standoff distance at 10° equals a RISE/RUN ratio of 5.7HeadroomStandoff“RISE”“RUN”
Line ForcesAlways Determine Maximum Load Position Angle, Ø:At Top PositionAt Tower ObstructionAt Ground LevelØØØ
Line ForcesTag Angle for Straight Tag Configurations, α: Angle between horizontal and the rendered Tag LineαNOTE:• Maximum Tag Angle occurs at uppermost position of lift“RISE”“RUN”
Line ForcesTag Angles for Dedicated Trolley Configurations, ØT & αT: Must identify BOTH angles to determine resulting Tag Line ForceαTØTØT: Angle between true vertical and the rendered Tag Line on tower side of trolley blockαT: Angle between horizontal and the rendered Tag Line on opposite side of trolley block“RISE”“RUN”“RISE”“RUN”
Line ForcesCRITICAL POINT:• 10° Load Angle & 70° Tag Angle, Load Factor = 2.0• “10/70” RuleExponential Relationshipi l l i iLinear Relationshipi l ti iLoad Line MultiplierMaximum Tag Angle
Line Forces
Line ForcesLine Forces at Load:Load Line Force at Load , P=(WT× PMN P )Where:P = Load Line Force at LoadT = Tag Line Force at LoadWT = Gross Load WeightPM = Load Line Multiplier (Refer to Handbook)*NOTE: For Trolley Tag Arrangements, Set PM=1.0 for Uppermost PositionTM = Tag Line Multiplier (Refer to Handbook)NP = Number of Line Parts in Load LineNT = Number of Line Parts in Tag LineTag Line Force at Load ,T=(WT ×TMN T )
Line ForcesLoad Line Pull at Hoist:Load Line Pull at Hoist , PH=(P − FLW)×SFF × AMWhere:PH = Load Line Pull at HoistP = Load Line Force at LoadFLW = Fall Line WeightSFF = Sheave Friction FactorAM = Additional Multipliers (i.e. Additional Angle/Safety Factors, Etc.)
Line ForcesTrolley Block Force:Where:T = Tag Line Force at Load(or Load Line Force at Load, P, for Integrated Trolley Systems)Max Trolley Block Force≅ ? ×? .? ;Conservative EstimateTrolley Block
Worked Examples Refer to the loose Straight Tag Example and forms provided in your Handbook Turn to Page 110 of your Handbook to locate the Tables we’ll be using for this example
Straight Tag Example Refer to Loose Handouts in the back of your Handbook for the STRAIGHT TAG EXAMPLE:
Straight Tag Example
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 1) Determine the Gross Load Weight
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 1) Determine the Gross Load Weight400 lbsLoad Line Weight:145 ft x 0.14 plf = Approx. 20 lbs20 lbsTag Line Weight:145 ft x 0.14 plf = Approx. 20 lbs20 lbs25 lbs 0 0GROSS LOAD WEIGHT:400 + 20 + 20 + 25 = 465 lbs465 lbsFall Line Weight, FLW:145 ft x 0.14 plf = Approx. 20 lbs20 lbs 130 ft
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles“A”“B”
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles12 ft2.5 ft???????=122.5=4.804.80
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles???????=122.5=4.80 ??????? ?????? ??????????????? 12 °
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles12 ft2.5 ft4.8012
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles“C”“D”
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles12 ft2.5 ft4.8012???????=12847=2.72128 ft47 ft2.72
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles???????=12847=2.72 ??????? ????? ??????? 70 °
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 2) Determine the Maximum Load Position and Tag Angles12 ft2.5 ft4.8012128 ft47 ft2.7270
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 3) Determine the Corresponding Load and Tag Line Multipliers12 deg 70 degX 55 ftN/A
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 3) Determine the Corresponding Load and Tag Line Multipliers
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 3) Determine the Corresponding Load and Tag Line Multipliers12 ft2.5 ft4.8012128 ft47 ft2.72702.4581.4942.4581.494
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 4) Determine the Load and Tag Line Forces2.4581.494 11Load Line Force, P:P = (WT x PM) ÷ NP = (465 x 2.458) ÷ 1 = 1,143 lbsTag Line Force, T:T = (WT x TM) ÷ NT = (465 x 1.494) ÷ 1 = 695 lbs1,143 lbs695 lbs
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 4) Determine the Load and Tag Line ForcesLoad Line Configuration 1-PartExample States Plain Bearings in all SheavesTotal Number of Reeved Sheaves = 2EXAMPLESheave Friction Factor, SFF = 1.188
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 4) Determine the Load and Tag Line Forces1.188 N/A 1,334 lbsLine Pull at Hoist, PH:PH = (P - FLW) x SFF x AM = (1143 - 20) x 1.188 = 1,334 lbs
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 5) Determine the Block ForcesEXAMPLETop Block Min Included Angle = 0° when setting load Top Block Angle Factor, AF = 2.000Heel Block Min Included Angle = 90° Heel Block Angle Factor, AF = 1.414
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 5) Determine the Block ForcesX 145 ft 5 ft0° (When Setting Load)90°2.0001.4142,286 lbs1,616 lbsN/A N/A N/ATop Block Force, FTB:FTB = P x AFTB = 1143 x 2.000 = 2,286 lbsHeel Block Force, FHB:FHB = P x AFHB = 1143 x 1.414 = 1,616 lbs
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 6) Determine the Sling ForcesEXAMPLETop Block Sling Single Basket Hitch With Sling Angle of 75° Top Block Sling Angle Factor, AF = 1.035Heel Block Sling Single Choker Hitch (Sling Angle of 90°) Heel Block Angle Factor, AF = 1.000
Straight Tag ExampleSTEP 6) Determine the Sling Forces11.03590°275°XX1.0001,183 lbs1,616 lbsTop Block Sling Leg Force, FSLTB:FSLTB = (FTB x AFSTB) ÷ NSTB = (2286 x 1.035) ÷ 2 = 1,183 lbsHeel Block Sling Leg Force, FSLHB:FSLHB = (FHB x AFSHB) ÷ NSHB = (1616 x 1.000) ÷ 1 = 1,616 lbs
Straight Tag Example1,183 lbs1,616 lbs2,286 lbs1,616 lbs1,143 lbs695 lbs1,334 lbsRemember where we started:
Straight Tag Video
SECTION 5 REVIEW QUESTIONS
What is the angle factor for a sling set at 60 degrees?A. 1.414B. 2.000C. 1.155D. 1.000
What is the sling force leg for the straight vertical bridle hitch configuration shown below?A. 934 lbs.B. 1,566 lbs.C. 1,200 lbs.D. 783 lbs.1,200 lbs.50°
What is the heel block force for the configuration shown below with a hoist line pull of 450 lbs.?A. 664 lbs.B. 900 lbs.C. 714 lbs.D. 578 lbs.85°450 lbs.450 lbs.BLOCK FORCE
For a load set at 205 feet with the tag positioned at 75 feet away, what is the approximate tag angle when the load is set?A. 50°B. 20°C. 60°D. 70°205 feet75 feetα
For a load located 10 feet below the top block and tagged out 4 feet, what is the approximate load position angle, Ø?A. 22°B. 8°C. 14°D. 68°10 feet4 feetØ
What is the line force at the load for the configuration shown below, assuming no friction factor and no tag?A. 650 lbs.B. 717 lbs.C. 1,434 lbs.D. 1,300 lbs.LOAD1300 lbs.65°LINE FORCE
Section 6Hoisting Operations, Execution and Communication
Topics Hoisting Capstan Hoist Anchorage Testing, Monitoring, Controls Communication Planned vs. Changed Condition
Hoist Capstan Hoist Generally used for moderate lifting and tag applications Most units are rated from 1,000 to 3,000 lbs. WLL Requires trained operator Daily inspection prior to use Always follow guidelines of operator’s manual
Capstan HoistMust be equipped with Deadman Switch and Safety BarNOT ALLOWED FOR PERSONNEL LIFTINGRope Lock(Best Practice)Rope Hook(Required)Foot Control (Required)
Hoist AnchoragesWhat makes up the hoist anchorage in this example?How can we verify it?
Anchorage VerificationEngineered method incorporates a minimum factor of safety (FOS) of 2.0 for the WLL of all anchorage components. Method also assumes a maximum coefficient of friction of 0.20.Proof load method of 1.5 times the maximum anticipated hoist load.TruckHitch ReceiverCapstan MountTires to Ground
Field Verification Methods Proof Loading and Load Testing All field testing should be done in controlled conditions Monitoring devices help eliminate unknowns during testingDid you know, that during load testing the FOS for synthetic rope may be reduced to 7.0?Example: Typical Use: 11,000 lbs. [MBS] ÷ 10.0 = 1,100 lbs. WLL Testing Only: 11,000 lbs. [MBS] ÷ 7.0 = 1,570 lbs. WLL
Proof Loading Confirms Capabilities Typically involves loading some component beyond 100% of the anticipated load during planned operations. Does not mean beyond 100% WLL for components! Ex. Hoist anchorage proof loading = 1.5 x Load line force applied to anchorage. Used when circumstances or variables may not be predictable.
Load Testing Confirms operation Representative of actual conditions of load during planned operations: 100% of gross load Model load position(s) that result in maximum anticipated lifting system forces Required when utilizing a Capstan hoist per A10.48 Monitoring for deflections, anchorage and capstan control, line rendering.
Load Testing More generally a load test shall include: Raise and lower a load to verify moving parts functionality; Verify deflections under load are within allowances; Once load has been lowered inspect all components and anchorage for proper arrangement and working condition; and Verify supporting structure or individual structure members do not have unacceptable twist, rotation or deflection.
We’ve covered a lot of details and concepts, how do you ensure all the requirements are met on the job?We put the information in the Rigging Plan
What’s the purpose of the Rigging Plan?To communicate intent based on the expectations of scope, methods and job characteristics
The Plan Planned condition What content should be in the plan?• Determine the lift path: structure, obstructions, equipment placement, component placement, anchorage• Components/Equipment being used in the system• Expected lifting system and system forces• Who’s doing what
How many of you are reviewing/using the planned rigging plan?
Inspect your Expectations Pre-rigged conditions Rigged condition not under load Proof Loading Load Test Operational test rigged condition under load
What happens when you can’t follow the plan Rigging Plan?You change it!
Changing the Plan When do you change the plan? Changed condition What are some examples of changes that warrant additional communications/approvals? Who needs to be involved in the approval and why?
How many of you have encountered changed conditions requiring you to modify the rigging plan?
Do you feel you have a better grasp on what goes into the plan and the steps you can take to accommodate changed conditions?
How do you typically learn about industry standards?
SECTION 6 REVIEW QUESTIONS
What force should be applied to the hoist anchorage to proof load it? A. 1,300 lbs.B. 975 lbs.C. 925 lbs.D. 650 lbs.195The load line force for the system is calculated to be 650 lbs.
Which of the following is not required for Capstan Hoist Operation?A. Foot ControlB. Load TestC. Rope HookD. Rope Lock196
Rigging to mount using a redirect block with a tower mounted crown. What rigging class would this be?A. Class IB. Class IIC. Class IIID. Class IV197
When a rigging plan moves from Class II to a Class III plan, which role at a minimum must now be involved?A. Qualified EngineerB. Qualified PersonC. Competent RiggerD. Supervising Engineer198
Who may be affected by the means and methods of a rigging plan and need to be included in communication regarding a change to the plan?A. All of the BelowB. Competent RiggerC. General ContractorD. CarrierE. Tower OwnerF. LandownerG. Public199General ContractorLandownerPublicCarriersTower Owners
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Included Retirement Protection Sling
Yıl : 2020
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