| Sıra | DOSYA ADI | Format | Bağlantı |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01. | Function System Lobe Mesencephalon | pptx | Sunumu İndir |
Transkript
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMANDREA HEINZLMANNUniversity of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and Histology Course of Human Anatomy2018
NERVE SYSTEMFUNCTION:• receives information from the body1. integrates2. coordinates 3. influences the activity of all parts of the bodies4. sends information to the peripheral nervous system
NERVE SYSTEMconsists of:• neurons• oligodendrocytesA: astrocytesO: oligodendrocytes
NERVE SYSTEMconsists of two main parts:I. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS) II. PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS)
NERVE SYSTEMCENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (CNS):divided into two parts: 1. the brain 2. the spinal cord
NERVE SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS):divided into a) a somaticb) an autonomic nervous systemc) the enteric nervous system
NERVE SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS):SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (SoNS, voluntary nervous system):• somatic nerves mediate voluntary movement
NERVE SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS):AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM:• function involuntarily• supplies smooth muscle and glands• influences the function of internal organs is subdivided into:1. the sympathetic 2. the parasympathetic nervous systems
NERVE SYSTEMPERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (PNS):ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS):• controls the gastrointestinal system• function involuntarily
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM• the processing center for the nervous system1. receives information from the peripheral nervous system2. sends information to the peripheral nervous systemORGANS OF THE CENTRAL NERVE SYSTEM:A. BRAINB. SPINAL CORDSpinal cord
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMTHE BRAIN:• the control center of the bodyhas a wrinkled appearance due to:1. bulges GYRI 2. depressions SULCIhttp://slideplayer.com/slide/4280864/
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMThe central nervous system is divided in:1. white matter (Substantia alba)2. gray matter (Substantia grisea)Substantia griseaSubstantiaalbaFrontal sectionSubstantia griseaSubstantia albaSubtantia griseaSubstantia alba
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMGRAY MATTER (SUBSTANZIA GRISEA):consists of1. neuronal cell bodies2. unmyelinated fibers3. glial cellsSubstantia griseaSubstantiaalbaFrontalschnittSubstantia griseaSubstantia alba
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEMWHEITE MATTER (SUBSTANZIA ALBA):consists of:1. axons 2. oligodendrocytesSubstantia griseaSubstantiaalbaFrontalschnittSubstantia griseaSubstantia alba
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)MAIN BRAIN DIVISIONS:I. CEREBRUMII. CEREBELLUMIII. BRAINSTEM:1. MEDULLA OBLONGATA2. PONS 3. MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)http://cikgurozaini.blogspot.hu/2012/04/our-brain.htmlhttps://www.studyblue.com/notes/note/n/brain-anatomy/deck/14903972
DIVISIONS OF THE BRAINFOREBRAIN:I. Telencephalon (cerebral hemisphere)1. Cortex2. Basal Ganglia3. Limbic SystemII. Diencephalon 4. Thalamus5. Epithalamus6. Subthalamus7. Hypothalamus8. Metathalamushttp://www.days-eye.com/about-the-brain-and-how-it-works/adult-organization-human-about-the-brain-spinal-cord-somatic-nerves-division-centrl-autonomic/ttps://www.flickr.com/photos/biologycorner/23825057116http://spinwarp.ucsd.edu/neuroweb/Text/br-800epi.htmhttp://www.wikiwand.com/en/Basal_ganglia
DIVISIONS OF THE BRAIN MIDBRAIN (Mesencephalon)1. Tectum2. Tegmentum3. Crura cerebriHINDBRAIN (Rhombencephalon)1. Metencephalona) Cerebellumb) Pons2. Myelencephalonc) Medulla oblongata•Tectum(1)•Red nucleus(2)•Substantia nigra (3)•Crus cerebri (4)http://www.oganatomy.org/projanat/neuroanat/6a/three.htmhttps://healthjade.com/human-brain/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Human_brain_midsagittal_cut_description.JPG1.Cerebrum2.Thalamus3.Hypothalamus4.Mesencephalon - Midbrain5.Pons6.Cerebellum7.Medulla oblongata8.Medulla spinalis
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)• divided into two cerebral hemispheres1. longitudinal fissure (Fissura longitudinalis cerebri)the surface of the brain is folded into: 2. ridges - Gyri cerebri3. grooves - Sulci cerebriFissura longitudinalis cerebriGYRI
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)CALLOSAL COMMISSURE (CORPUS CALLOSUM):• bundle of neural fibers • 10 cm long beneath the cortex at the longitudinal fissure• connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres • facilitates interhemispheric communicationCorpus callosum
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)each hemisphere is divided into four lobes:1. Frontal lobe (Lobus frontalis)2. Parietal lobe (Lobus parietalis)3. Temporal lobe (Lobus temporalis)4. Occipital lobe (Lobus occipitalis)
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)CENTRAL SULCUS (CENTRAL FISSURE, SULCUS CENTRALIS):• separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe • separates the primary motor cortex (gyrus precentralis) from the primary somatosensory cortex (gyrus postcentralis) Sulcus centralis Gyrus precentralis Gyrus postcentralisFrontal lobeParietal lobe
BRAIN (CEREBUM, ENCEPHALON)LATERAL SULCUS (SULCUS LATERALIS):• divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below• below the sulcus - insulaSulcus lateralisFrontal lobeParietal lobeTemporal lobe
FRONTAL LOBE (LOBUS FRONTALIS)• associated with executive functions including:1. self-control2. planning3. reasoning4. abstract thought• primary motor cortex (gyrus preacentralis)LOBUS FRONTALIS GYRUS PRECENTRALIShttp://www.uhnj.org/stroke/anatomy.htm
PARIETAL LOBE (LOBUS PARIETALIS)• integrates sensory information including spacial sense and navigation (proprioception)• the major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe• primary somatosensory cortex (gyrus postcentralis) - the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch• important in language processingGYRUS POSTCENTRALISLOBUS PARIETALIS
TEMPORAL LOBE (LOBUS TEMPORALIS)• plays a key role in the formation of explicit long-term memory• holds the primary auditory cortex - involved in primary auditory perception – hearing• involved in high-level visual processing of complex stimuli - faces (fusiform gyrus)• involved in object perception and recognition LOBUS TEMPORALIS
LIMBIC SYSTEMSTRUCTURES:1. olfactory bulbs2. hippocampus3. hypothalamus4. amygdala5. anterior thalamic nuclei6. fornix7. mammillary body8. septum pellucidum9. habenular commissure10. cingulate gyrus 11. parahippocampal gyrus
LIMBIC SYSTEMFUNCTION:1. supports a variety of functions including:2. emotion3. behavior4. motivation5. long-term memory6. olfaction
LIMBIC SYSTEMMAMMILLAR BODY (CORPUS MAMILLARE):• responsible for the spatial memory - memory responsible for recording information about one's environment and spatial orientation• lesions of the mammillary bodies are involved in amnesic syndromes in humans
LIMBIC SYSTEMII. PARAHIPPOCAMPAL GYRUS (GYRUS PARAHIPPOCAMPALIS):• plays role in the encoding and recognition of environmental scenes - images of landscapes, cityscapes, or rooms (images of \places„)
LYMBIC SYSTEMIII. HIPPOCAMPUS:plays a central role:1. in the consolidation of new memories2. in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory3. in spatial memory – navigation• in Alzheimer's disease the hippocampus is one of the first regions of the brain to suffer damage - short-term memory loss and disorientation
LYMBIC SYSTEMIV. AMYGDALA (CORPUS AMYGDALOIDEUM):performs a primary role in the processing of:1. memory2. decision-making3. in human emotion, specifically fear and anxiety stimulation of amygdala in animals:• produces aggressive behavior when the stimulation stopped:• these animal returned back to their friendly style stimulation in human, will produce a feeling of fear and anger
OCCIPITAL LOBE (LOBUS OCCIPITALIS)• is the visual processing center• contains the anatomical region of the visual cortex
OCCIPITAL LOBE (LOBUS OCCIPITALIS)1. primary visual cortex:• contains a low-level description of the local orientation, spatial-frequency and color properties• damage to the primary visual cortex causes blindness2. secondary visual cortex:• for the processing the \what\ in vision• provides information for the identification of stimuli that are stored in memory3. tertiary visual cortex:• handles the \where/how\ • focus on motor actions in response to the outside stimuli
DIENCEPHALONSTRUCTURES:1. Thalamus2. Epithalamus (corpus pinealis)3. Subthalamus4. Hypothalamus5. MetathalamusThalamus HypothalamusMetathalamus:23. Curpus genuculatum med.21. Corpus geniculatum lat.
THALAMUSthe large mass of gray matter in the dorsal part of the diencephalonFUNCTIONS:1. relays of sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex2. the regulation of:• consciousness• sleep• alertness
THALAMUSTHALAMIC NUCLEI:https://www.slideshare.net/drasarma1947/thalamus-anatomy-of-thalamus-thalamus-ppt
HYPOTHALAMUS• contains a number of small nuclei• located below the thalamuscontrols 1. body temperature2. hunger3. important aspects of parenting4. attachment behaviors5. thirst6. fatigue7. sleep8. circadian rhythms
HYPOTHALAMUSMagnocellular nuclei:a) Supraoptic nucleus (Nucleus supraopticus) = release of ADH (vasopressin)b) Paraventricular nucleus (Nucleus paraventricularis) = release of Oxytocinc) Suprachiasmatic nucleus (Nucleus suprachiasmaticus) – circadian rythms
HYPOTHALAMUSPARVOCELLULAR NUCLEI:1. Releasing-Hormone: GnRH, GHRH, TRH, CRH2. Inhibiting-Hormone: Somatostatin, Dopamin• stimulate or inhibit the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones
CEREBELLUM• important role in motor controlactive in the:1. coordination2. precision 3. timing of movements4. in motor learningCerebellum
BRAINSTEM1. MESENCEPHALON (MIDBRAIN)2. PONS 3. MEDULLA OBLONGATAMesencephalonPonsMedullaobongata1.2.3.1. Mesencephalon2. Pons3. Medulla oblongata
BRAINSTEMFUNCTIONS:• provides the main motor and sensory innervation to the face and neck via the cranial nerves• includes tracts - connections of the motor and sensory systems from the main part of the brain to the rest of the body • regulation of cardiac and respiratory function• regulates the central nervous system• maintains consciousness • regulates the sleep cyclethe medulla contains the:1. cardiac2. respiratory3. vomiting 4. vasomotor centres
MENINGXI.DURA MATER ENCEPHALI:• the outermost layer• forms a tough protective coatingII. ARACHNOID MATER:• the middle protective layer• the tissue has a spiderweb-like appearanceIII. PIA MATER:• the innermost protective layer• very delicate • tightly associated with the surface of the brainDURA MATER
MENINGXSUBDURAL SPACE:• is a potential space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma, pathologic process – subdural haematom• SUBARACHNOID SPACE:the space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater• contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)• 45 cm long• extends from the medulla oblongata to the lumbar region of the vertebral column• begins at the occipital bone and extends down to the space between the first and second lumbar vertebrae• does not extend the entire length of the vertebral column1. FUNCTIONS:conduit for motor information - travels down the spinal cord2. conduit for sensory information in the reverse direction3. a center for coordinating certain reflexes
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)there are 31 spinal cord nerve segments in a human spinal cord:• 8 cervical segments forming 8 pairs of cervical nerves (C1-C8)• 12 thoracic segments forming 12 pairs of thoracic nerves (T1–T12)• 5 lumbar segments forming 5 pairs of lumbar nerves (L1–L5)• 5 sacral segments forming 5 pairs of sacral nerves (S1–S5)• 1 coccygeal segment (Co1)
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)CONUS MEDULLARIS:• the terminal portion of the spinal cordFILUM TERMINALECAUDA EQUINA (horse's tail):• the collection of nerves in the vertebral column that continue to travel through the vertebral column below the conus medullarisConus medullaris Cauda equina
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)I.DURA MATER SPINALIS:• the outermost layer• forms a tough protective coatingEPIDURAL SPACE:• between the dura mater and the surrounding bone of the vertebrae• filled with adipose tissue• contains a network of blood vessels II. ARACHNOID MATER:• the middle protective layer• the tissue has a spiderweb-like appearanceIII. PIA MATER:• the innermost protective layer• very delicate • tightly associated with the surface of the spinal cord
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)SUBDURAL SPACE:• is a potential space that can be opened by the separation of the arachnoid mater from the dura mater as the result of trauma, pathologic process – subdural haematom• SUBARACHNOID SPACE:the space between the arachnoid and the underlying pia mater• contains cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)A collection of fresh subdural blood at the dorsal aspect of the sacral spinal cord
SPINAL CORD (MEDULLA SPINALIS)LUMBAR PUNCTURE (SPINAL TAP):• the medical procedure involves use of a needle to withdraw cerebrospinal fluid from the subarachnoid space from the lumbar region of the spine
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CEREBELLAR DISORDERSATAXIA:• lack of voluntary coordination of muscle movements • includes gait abnormality - deviation from normal walkinghttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPe0iL4i23UNYSTAGMUS:• is a condition of involuntary eye movement• often called \dancing eyes„https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=phpe_RVGqcA
CEREBELLAR DISORDERSINTENTION TREMOR:• the amplitude of an intention tremor increases as an extremity approaches the endpoint of deliberate and visually guided movement• often overshoots or undershoots their targethttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Sf-TuXMK64
BIBLIOGRAPHY• http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk• https://hu.pinterest.com/pin/772085929836955372/• https://faculty.washington.edu• https://www.slideshare.net• http://medifactsonline.blogspot.hu• http://legaljustice4john.com/sbsReviewSquier.htm• https://hu.pinterest.com• http://www.profelis.org/webpages-cn/lectures/neuroanatomy_1ns.html• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jiscvATspCA• http://accessphysiotherapy.mhmedical.com
Function System Lobe Mesencephalon
Yıl : 2020
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