| Sıra | DOSYA ADI | Format | Bağlantı |
|---|---|---|---|
| 01. | Forearm Connection Blood Vertebrae | pptx | Sunumu İndir |
Transkript
BUILD OF THE HUMAN BODYINTRODUCTIONANDREA HEINZLMANNUniversity of Veterinary MedicineDepartment of Anatomy and Histology Human Anatomy Course
DEFINITION OF ANATOMYAnatomy deals with the build of the bodyI. Macrosopic Anatomy: • studies components, which can be seen with unaided eyeII. Microscopic Anatomy (Histology): • examines the invisible components • such as different tissues building up the human body• light and electromicroscopes are used to study these histological components
THE PRINCIPAL AXES AND PLANES OF THE BODYAxes, planes and directions help to determine the position and relation of the structural compartments of the body to each other1. LONGITUDINAL (VERTICAL) AXES: • long axis of the body• vertical• the body is held in an upright positon2. TRANSVERSE (HORIZONTAL) AXIS:• perpendicular to the longitudinal axis3. SAGITTAL AXIS: • runs from the back to the front surface of the body like an arrow• perpendicular to the above-mentioned two axes
PRINCIPAL PLANES OF THE BODY1. MEDIAN (MEDIAN SAGITTAL, MIDSAGITTAL) PLANE:• the imaginary vertical line that divides the body longitudinally into exact right and left halves2. SAGITTAL PLANE:• any plane which is parallel to the median plane3. FRONTAL (CORONAL) PLANE: • imaginary vertical plane divides the body into anterior and posterior parts• contains the transverse and longitudinal axes• lays parallel to the forehead and perpendicular to the sagittal plane4. TRANSVERSE PLANE:• horizontal in the upright posture• contains the sagittal and transverse axes• lies perpendicular to the sagittal and coronal planes
DIRECTIONS IN SPACECRANIAL: toward the headCAUDAL: toward the buttocksSUPERIOR (ABOVE): above or towards the top of the headINFERIOR (BELOW): below or away from the headDEXTER: right sideSINISTER: left sideMEDIAL (CLOSER TO THE MIDLINE): relating to the middle or centerLATERAL (AWAY FROM THE MIDLINE): toward the side of the body
DIRECTIONS IN SPACEANTERIOR: toward the frontPOSTERIOR: toward the backVENTRAL: toward the abdomenDORSAL: toward the backSUPERFICIAL (PERIPHERAL): toward the body surfacePROFUNDUS (DEEP): toward the inner body EXTERNAL: outsideINTERNAL: inside
DIRECTIONS ON THE EXTREMITIESPROXIMAL (CLOSER TO THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT): toward the trunkDISTAL (AWAY FROM THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT): away from the trunkPALMAR (VOLAR): on or toward the palm of the handPLANTAR: on or toward the sole of the footULNAR: toward the ulnaRADIAL: toward the radiusTIBIAL: toward the tibiaFIBULAR: toward the fibula
THE HUMAN SKELETONFUNCTIONS OF THE SKELETON• provides support and structure to the body• maintains our body shape• protects vital organs • provides a system of muscles that allow body movement• contains bone marrow• borders cavities
THE HUMAN SKELETON• a human skeleton generally forms about 206 separate bones out of cartilage as it develops to maturity• bones are connected to other bones by joints
THE SKELETAL SYSTEM DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETONI. AXIAL SKELETON1. HEAD (CAPUT)2. NECK (COLLUM)3. TRUNK (TRUNCUS)II. APPENDICULAR SKELETON1. UPPER LIMB2. LOWER LIMB
AXIAL SKELETON1. consists of bones that form the axis of the body 2. supports and protects the organs of the:a) headb) neck c) trunk
AXIAL SKELETONI. THE HEAD (CAPUT)• most superior part of the body• divided into two regions: a) cranial vault hauses the brain (NEUROCRANIUM)b) facial portion for the all soft tissues (VISCEROCRANIUM)NeurocraniumViscerocranium
INFANT HUMAN SKULL FONTANELL• soft spot• membranous gaps (sutures) between the cranial bones that make up the calvaria of the infant• allow for rapid stretching and deformation of the neurocranium as the brain expands faster than the surrounding bone can grow• premature complete ossification of the sutures is called craniosynostosisthe skull of a baby consists of five main bones: 1. two frontal bones2. two parietal bones3. one occipital bone• these are joined by fibrous sutures, which allow movement that facilitates childbirth and brain growth
INFANT HUMAN SKULL FONTANELL1. POSTERIOR FONTANELL: closes 2 to 3 months after birth2. SPHENOIDAL FONTANELL: close around 6 months after birth3. MASTOID FONTANELL: closes next from 6 to 18 months after birth4. ANTERIOR FONTANELL: the last to close between 18–24 monthshttp://www.wikiwand.com/en/FontanelleSPHENOIDALMASTOIDANTERIORPOSTERIORhttp://www.bravibimbi.it/primi-mesi/le-fontanelle-del-neonato/
AXIAL SKELETONTHE NECK (COLLUM)• distinguish the head from the trunk • the cervical portion of the human spine comprises seven bony segments FUNCTIONS:1. the neck supports the weight of the head 2. protects the nerves that carry sensory and motor information from the brain down to the rest of the body 3. highly flexible and allows the head to turn and flex in all directions4. from top to bottom the cervical spine is gently curved in convex-forward fashion
AXIAL SKELETONTHE SKULL (CRANIUM)FUNCTIONS:1. framework of the head2. supports the structure of the face 3. protects the head against injury 4. the human skull is usually made up of 22 bones 5. protects the brain and holds the other parts of the head in place (eyes, nose, mouth)
AXIAL SKELETONII. TRUNK (TRUNCUS)1. CHEST (THORAX)2. ABDOMEN3. PELVIS
AXIAL SKELETONCHEST (THORAX)1. the chest is the region of the body between the neck and the abdomen, along with its internal organs and other contents2. protected and supported by:• the ribcage• the spine• the shoulder girdle
AXIAL SKELETCHEST (THORAX)Contents of the chest:• Heart• Lungs• Aorta• Superior and Inferior Vena Cava• Pulmonary artery• Esophagus• Trachea• DiaphragmCorPulmoPulmo Diaphragma Aorta asc., Arcus aortaePulmoPulmoCorAorta descendensTracheaEsophagusVena cava sup.Vena cava inf. HeparLienRen
AXIAL SKELETONBONES OF THE BONY CHEST1. STERNUM• flat dagger shaped bone locate in the middle of the chest• along with the ribs it protects: the heart the lungs the other organs the major blood vessels from damage
AXIAL SKELETONBONES OF THE BONY CHESTII. RIBS• thin, flat, curved bones• form a protective cage around the organs• organised in 12 pairs • the first seven sets of ribs, known as \true ribs\ (costae verae)• the following five sets are known as \false ribs\ (costae spuriae)• eleventh and twelfth ribs are termed ”floating ribs” (costae fluctuantes)
AXIAL SKELETONBONES OF THE BONY CHESTIII. VERTEBRAL (SPINAL) COLUMN • called as back bone • consists of 33 irregular shaped bones called vertebraeCLASSIFICATION OF THE VERTEBRAE1. cervical vertebrae (C1 – C6)2. thoracic vertebrae (Th1 – Th12)3. lumbal vertebrae (L1 – L5)4. sacral vertebrae (sacrum, S1 – S5)5. coccygeal vertebrae (os coccygis, Co1 –Co3)https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Spinal_column_lateral.jpghttps://boneclones.com/product/human-female-vertebral-column-with-sacrum-and-coccyx-KO-321https://www.skullsunlimited.com/products/real-human-vertebra-column-with-pelvis-and-occipital-bone-ok-3154
AXILA SKELETONVERTEBRAL COLUMNCURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN:• „S” - shaped1. LORDOTIC CURVE (lordosis)2. KYPHOTIC CURVE (kyphosis)
AXILA SKELETONVERTEBRAL COLUMNCURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN:1. LORDOTIC CURVE:• inward curve - cervical and lumbal• secondary curve - developed after birth• the cervical curve forms when the infant is able to hold up its head (at 3 or 4 months) and to sit upright (at 9 months)• the lumbar curve forms later from twelve to eighteen months, when the child begins to walkFIGURE 3. KYPHOTIC AND LORDOTIC CURVES OF THE SPINE. A, AT BIRTH. B, THE CERVICAL LORDOSIS FORMS WHEN WE RAISE OUT HEAD. C, THE LUMBAR LORDOSIS FORMS WHEN WE SIT UP. PERMISSION JOSEPH E. MUSCOLINO. KINESIOLOGY: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND MUSCLE FUNCTION, 3RD ED. ELSEVIER.
AXIAL SKELETONVERTEBRAL COLUMNCURVES OF THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN:2. KYPHOTIC CURVE:• concave forward• primary curve • they are present in the fetus• thoracal and sacralFIGURE 3. KYPHOTIC AND LORDOTIC CURVES OF THE SPINE. A, AT BIRTH. B, THE CERVICAL LORDOSIS FORMS WHEN WE RAISE OUT HEAD. C, THE LUMBAR LORDOSIS FORMS WHEN WE SIT UP. PERMISSION JOSEPH E. MUSCOLINO. KINESIOLOGY: THE SKELETAL SYSTEM AND MUSCLE FUNCTION, 3RD ED. ELSEVIER.
VERTEBRAL COLUMN ABNORMALITIESSCOLIOSIS:• a sideways curvekyphosishttp://www.eggblog.net/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kyphosis-bg.jpghttps://skoliosis.my/scoliosis-cause/lordosis/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoliosis
AXIAL SKELETONIII. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Vertebrae cervicales C3 – C6 Vertebra prominens (C7)Atlas (C1)Axis (C2) Axis (C2), Ansicht von lateralDensaxisVertebra thoracica Vertebra thoracica, Ansicht von lateral Vertebra lumbalis Vertebra lumbalis., Ansicht von lateralSacrumOs coccygis
AXIAL SKELETONABDOMEN (BELLY)• the part of the body between the pelvis and the thorax• anatomically, the abdomen stretches from the thorax at the thoracic diaphragm to the pelvis at the pelvic brim - is termed the abdominal cavitythe boundary of the abdominal cavity is: the abdominal wall in the front the peritoneal surface at the rear
AXIAL SKELETONPELVIS• posteriorly by the sacrum and the coccyx• laterally and anteriorly by a pair of hip bones, the lower extremity SacrumOs coxae
APPENDICULAR SKELETONTHE APPENDICULAR SKELETON:- composed of bones that anchor the appendages to the axial skeleton1. UPPER LIMB (UPPER EXTREMITY)2. LOWER LIMB (LOWER EXTREMITY)
APPENDICULAR SKELETONUPPER LIMB (UPPER EXTREMITY):composed of:1. SHOULDER GIRDLE2. BRACHIUM (ARM)3. ANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM)4. MANUS (HAND)
APPENDICULAR SKELETONTHE SHOULDER GIRDLE• connects the upper limb to the axial skeletoncomposed of 4 bones:1. two clavicles (collar bone)2. two scapulae (shoulder blade) • muscles, ligaments and tendons are also associated• flexible for the wide range of movement - related to the use of the shoulder jointClavicula Scapula
APPENDICULAR SKELETONBRACHIUM (ARM)• region between the shoulder and the elbow• consists of a single long bone called humerus• the ends of the arms are especially shaped to fit into: the shoulder joint the ulna and radius of the forearmHumerus
APPENDICULAR SKELETONANTEBRACHIUM (FOREARM)• the region between the elbow and the wristformed by:1. the radius 2. the ulna UlnaRadiusUlnaRadiusMembranaInterossaeantebrachi
APPENDICULAR SKELETONMANUS (HAND)PARTS OF THE HAND1. CARPUS (WRIST)2. METACARPUS (PALM)3. DIGITI (FINGERS)• each hand has 27 bones• consists many joints for it to move S. Os scaphoideum,L. Os lunatum, T. Os triquetrum, P. Os pisiforme, Tm. Os trapezium, Td. Os trapezoideum, C. Os capitatum, H. Os hamatumCarpusMetacarpusPhalanx proximalis Phalanx media Phalanx distalis
APPENDICULAR SKELETONLOWER LIMB (LOWER EXTREMITY)• structure from the pelvic girdl to the ends of the toesCOMPOSED OF:1. PELVIC GIRDLE2. THIGH3. LEG (CRUS)4. FOOT (PES)
APPENDICULAR SKELETONPELVIC GIRDLE• composed of two HIP BONES (OS COXAE)each hip bone is formed by:1. the ilium 2. the ischium3. the pubis• attaches to the sacrumSacrumOs coxaeOs pubisOs iliiOs ischiiOs ischiios ilii
SEX DIFFERENCES OF THE BONY PELVIS• bones of the female pelvis are more slender then those of males• the cavity of the female pelvis is larger, and circular-shaped (the large cavity makes possible an easier passage of the featus head)• in males the cavity is heart-shaped and smallfemale pelvis male pelvis
APPENDICULAR SKELETONTHE THIGH:• the region between the hip and the knee• comprised of one bone, the femur Fibula
APPENDICULAR SKELETONLEG (CRUS)• the region between the knee and the ankleformed by:1. the fibula 2. the tibia• the tibia is connected to the femur• the tibia is larger than the fibula because it bears more weight TibiaFibulaFibula
APPENDICULAR SKELETONFOOT (PES)CONSISTS OF THREE PARTS1. THE ANKLE (TARSUS)2. THE METATARSUS3. THE TOES (DIGITS)Tarsus Metatarsus I. Phalanges
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODYMAJOR CAVITIES OF THE BODY:I. CRANIAL CAVITY• houses the brainHypophysis
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODYMAJOR CAVITIES OF THE BODY:II. THORACIC CAVITYhouses:• the heart• the lungs• the esophagus• the trachea • the large vesselsCorPulmoPulmo Diaphragma Aorta asc., Arcus aortaePulmoPulmoCorAorta descendensTracheaEsophagusVena cava sup.Vena cava inf. HeparLienRen
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODYMAJOR CAVITIES OF THE BODY:III. ABDOMINAL CAVITYcontains:• the stomach• the intestines• the liver• the pancreas• the kidneysKindeyspancreas
CAVITIES OF THE HUMAN BODYMAJOR CAVITIES OF THE BODY:DIAPHRAGM• separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal oneshttps://mjmatc.wordpress.com/, from the abdominal cavityfrom the thoracic cavity
CLASSIFICATION OF BONESTHE STRUCTURE OF THE BONESMACROSCOPICALLY:1. COMPACT OR CORTICAL BONES2. TRABECULAR OR SPONGY BONES
MACROSCOPICALLY STRUCTURES OF THE BONE1. COMPACT (CORTICAL) BONES:• hard and dense• observed on the surface• consist of Haversian sites and osteons• bone surrounds blood2. TRABECULAR (SPONGY) BONES:• fills the interior of bones• composed of spongy-like network• space for blood vessels and bone marrow• best adapted to resist of local strains• Haversian site and ostheons are missing• blood surrounds the bone head of femurspongy-like material
THE SHAPE OF BONESLONG BONES• the long bones are those that are longer than they are wide• bones of limbs and ribsCONSISTS OF:1. BODY (CORPUS, SHAFT, DIAPHYSIS)2. PROXIMAL END (EPIPHYSIS)3. DISTAL END (EPIPHYSIS)• their cavity contains bone marrow
THE SHAPE OF BONESSHORT BONES• found in wrists and ankles
THE SHAPE OF BONESFLAT BONES• broad surfaces • protects the organs • border the cavities• form attachment of muscles• two thin layers, between them spongy material and bone marrow
THE SHAPE OF BONESIRREGULAR BONES• bones that do not fit into any of the other categories• various shapes, sizes, surface features• serve various purposes in the body, such as protection of nervous tissue • affording multiple anchor points for skeletal muscle attachment • maintaining pharynx and trachea support, and tongue attachment Os hyoideumMandibulaMaxillaos palatinumvertebrae, sacrum
THE SHAPE OF BONESPNEUMATIZED BONES• contain air – filled cavities • lined by mucosal membrane• called as para - nasal sinuses connected to the nasal cavity• help in resonance of sound and as air conditioning chambers for the inspired airFrontal sinus Ethmoidal sinusSphenoidal sinusMaxillary sinus
THE SHAPE OF BONESSESAMOID BONES• found in locations where a tendon passes over a joint• functionally they act to protect the tendon and to increase its mechanical effect in the knee - the patella in the hand - two sesamoid bones are located in distal portions of the first metacarpal bone in the foot - the first metatarsal bone has two sesamoid bones as its connection to the big toe
ADDITIONAL COMPARTMENTS OF BONE1. PERIOSTEUM2. BONE MARROW3. CARTILAGE
PERIOSTEUM• outer surface of bonestwo layers: 1. outer fibrous 2. inner osteogenetic layerFUNKTIONSprotection of boneblood supply of bonenerve supply of boneosteogenetic layer – thikness growing of bone, repair of fracture
BONE MARROW1. RED BONE MARROW:• at birth all the marrow of all bones is red• haemopoetic activity2. FETTY (YELLOW) BONE MARROW:• as age advances the red marrow atrophies, replaced by fatty marrow• no haemopoetic activity• change begins from the distal parts of limbs to proximally by young adult life little red marrow remains in the: • limb bones• ribs• sternum• vertebrae• skull bones
CARTILAGE• type of dense connective tissue• commonest is the hyaline cartilage – covers the articular surface of bones
ARTHOLOGY(HUMAN JOINTS)The individual bones of the skeleton are connected either continously or discontinouslyI. CONTINOUS JOINTSII. DISCONTINOUS JOINTS (DIARTHROSE, SYNOVIAL JOINTS)
ARTHOLOGY(HUMAN JOINTS)CONTINOUS JOINTS:• relatively immobile joints• different types of rigid connecting tissues join two bones• provide skeletal stability at the junction of the attached bones TYPES OF CONTINOUS JOINT1. FIBROUS JOINT (SYNDESMOSIS)2. CARTILAGINEOUS JOINT (SYNCHONDROSIS)
FIBROUS JOINTS (SYNDESMOSIS)• two bones are joined by ligaments or other inflexible connective tissue• ligaments have limited elasticity • movement occurs at a fibrous joint1. radioulnar joint, which holds together the radius and ulna bones of the forearm2. the tibiofibular syndesmosis, which unites the tibia and fibula bones of the lower leg3. the interosseous membrane in the forearm and the leg4. the joints connecting the bones of the skull (Sutures)ARTHOLOGY(HUMAN JOINTS)
CARTILAGINOUS JOINT (SYNCHONDROSIS)• unite two bones with an intervening piece of cartilage1. INTERVERTEBRAL DISC:• allows slight movement of the vertebrae• acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together• their role as shock absorbers 2. PUBIC SYMPHYSIS:• a cartilaginous joint• unites the pelvic bones in the midline at the front of the body • through fibrocartilage holds the two pelvic bones togetherARTHOLOGY(HUMAN JOINTS)Corpus vertebraeDiscus intervertebralis
SYNCHONDROSISDiscus intervertebralis:1. anulus fibrosus (AF)2. nucleus pulposus (NP) – rest of the chorda dorsalis Discusintervertebralishttps://www.researchgate.net/post/which_are_healthy_intervertebral_disc_in_these_imageshttps://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-transition-from-a-healthy-to-an-early-degenerated-intervertebral-disc-Macroscopic_fig1_259584949https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:728_Herniated_Disk.jpg
DISCONTINOUS JOINTS(DIARTHROSE, SYNOVIAL JOINTS)• the most common and most movable type of joint in the body the main structural differences between synovial and fibrous joints:1. are the existence of capsules surrounding the articulating surfaces of a synovial joint 2. the presence of lumbricating synovial fluid within those capsules (synovial cavities)
DISCONTINOUS JOINTS(DIARTHROSE, SYNOVIAL JOINTS)COPMONENTS OF THE SYNOVIAL JOINTS1. ARTICULAR SURFACE2. SYNOVIAL CAVITY3. JOINT CAPSULE4. LIGAMENTS5. ARTICULAR DISKS OR MENISCI6. ARTICULAR LIPS7. BURSAE, SYNOVIAL POCKETS
ARTICULAR SURFACE• covered by hyaline cartilage• the cartilage is interlocked with the bonesBONY SOCKET• concave part of a joint that receives the end of a bone BONY HEAD• ends of the bone fitting into the bony socketShoulder joint
ARTICULAR CAPSULE• continous with the periosteum of articulating bones • surrounds the diarthrosis• unites the articulating bones CONSISTS OF TWO LAYERS1. the outer fibrous membrane that may contain ligaments 2. the inner synovial membrane that secretes the lumbricating, shock absorbing, and joint-nourishing synovial fluid • highly innervated • avascular (lacking blood and lymph vessels)• receives nutrition from the surrounding blood supply via either diffusionhumerusscapulacapsule
SYNOVIAL CAVITY• all diarthroses have this characteristic space • between the bones that is filled with synovial fluid SYNOVIAL FLUID• clear, viscous, mucin – containing fluid • produced by the synovial layer of the capsulethe principal role of synovial fluid is:• to reduce friction between the articular cartilage of synovial joints during movements Shoulder joint
ARTICULAR CARTILAGE• bones of a synovial joint are covered by hyaline cartilage • lines the epiphyses of joint end of bone with a smooth, slippery surface FUNCTION:1. to absorb shock2. to reduce friction during movement Shoulder jointhecd of humeruscovered byhyalin cartilagelShoulder joint
LIGAMENTS• the fibers of some fibrous membranes are arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue• highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements that may damage the articulation
BURSAE• saclike structures • alleviate friction in some joints (shoulder and knee) • filled with fluid that is similar to synovial fluid
MAINTENANCE OF THE CONTACT1. LIGAMENTS2. ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE3. MUSCLES4. ROTATOR CUFF:• group of muscles and their tendons that act to stabilize the shoulder M. supraspinatusM. infraspinatusM. subscapularisM. teres minorM. teres majorM. deltoideus
CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTSAccording to the shape of the articular surfaces:I. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT (MULTIAXIAL JOINT)II. SADDLE (SELLAR) JOINTIII. HINGE JOINT (GINGLYMUS)IV. PIVOT (TROCHOID, ROTATORY) JOINTV. PLANE (GLIDING) JOINTVI. ELLIPSOID JOINT
CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTSI. BALL AND SOCKET JOINT (MULTIAXIAL JOINT)• movable joint• the bony head is rounded • the bony socket is a cuplike bone EXAMPLES:1. shoulders joint 2. hip joint
II. SADDLE (SELLAR) JOINT• consists of two saddle shaped articular surfaces• each having a concave and a convex curvatureEXAMPLE:1. the carpometacarpal joint of the thumbCLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
III. HINGE JOINT (GINGLYMUS)• the concave articular surfaces fits into a groove of the convex one• strong collateral ligaments reinforce the jointEXAMPLE:1. elbow joint2. interphalangeal joint3. knee joint4. ankle jointCLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
IV. PIVOT (TROCHOID, ROTATORY) JOINT• allows rotation arround an axisEXAMPLES:• the neck and forearms have pivot joints 1. atlantooccipital joints (occipital bone spins over the top of the axis)2. radioulnar joint (the radius and ulna twist arround each other)CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTSAtlasOs occipitale
V. PLANE (GLIDING) JOINT• permits sliding or gliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces • the opposed surfaces of the bones are flat or almost flat• the movement limited by their tight joint capsulesEXAMPLES:1. acromioclavicular joint2. small vertebral jointsCLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
VI. ELLIPSOID JOINT• are similar to a ball and socket joint • they allow the same type of movement to a lesser magnitudeEXAMPLE:1. wrist (radiocarpal) joint CLASSIFICATION OF THE JOINTS
CLASSIFY OF THE JOINTS ACCORDING TO THE AXESI. MONOAXIAL JOINTS• HINGE JOINT• PIVOT JOINTII. BIAXIAL JOINTS• ELLIPSOID JOINT• SADDLE JOINTIII. MULTIAXIAL JOINTS• BALL AND SOCKET JOINTHinge jointSaddle jointBall and socket joint
MOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES ON THE JOINTS• Abduction: movement away from the mid-line of the body • Adduction: movement toward the mid-line of the bodyAbductionAdduction• Extension: straightening limbs at a joint • Flexion: bending the limbs at a joint • Rotation: a circular movement around a fixed point • Circumduction: combined, circular movementExtensionFlexion Rotation Circumduction
ARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIESShoulder joint (Articulatio humeri)• Ball and socket joints1. head: head of humerus - hyalincartilage2. socket : glenoid cavity (scapula)3. gleniod labrum4. ligament: - coracoacromial ligament5. capsuleCaput humeriCavitas glenoidalisLabrum glenoidale
MOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE SHOULDER JOINT1. Flexion2. Extension3. Abduction4. Adduction5. Rotation6. Circumduction
Elbow joint (Articulatio cubiti)1. humeroulnar joints (hinge joint)2. humeroradial joints (ball and socket joint)3. proximal radioulnar joints (pivot jont)a) radial and ulnar collateral ligamentsb) anulare radial ligamentARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
MOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE ELBOW JOINT1. Flexion2. Extension3. Supination4. Pronation
Radiocarpal joint (wrist joint)• ellipsoid joint1. head: proximal carpal bones2. socket: radius3. capsule4. ligamentsARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
1. Flexion2. Extension3. radial Abduction (deviation)4. ulnar Abduction (deviation)MOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE RADOICARPAL JOINT
CARPOMETACARPAL JOINT OF THE THUMB• between: trapezium and Metcarpus I. 1. OPPOSITION2. REPOSITION3. Flexion4. Extension5. Abduction6. Adduction7. CircumductionARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
1. distal radioulnar joint 2. mediocarpal joints3. carpometacarpal joints4. metacarpophyalangeal joints5. interphalangeal jointsARTICULATIONS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITIES
Metacarpophyalangeal joints:1. Flexion2. Extension3. Abduction4. Adduction Interphalangeal joints:5. Flexion6. ExtensionMOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE JOINTS OF THE HAND
ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIESSACROILIAC JOINT:• an amphiarthroid, tight jointformed by:1. the lateral surface of the sacrum 2. the ear-shaped articular facies of the ilium• extra - intracapsular ligaments stabilize the articulation and prohibit the movement in this articulation
ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIESSYMPHYSIS• synchondrosis• interpubic disc (consists of fibro-cartilage)• anterior symphyseal surfaces of the pubic bones • the two hip bones are connected by symphysis in frontfibro - cartilage
HIP JOINT• ball and socket joint1. socket: acetabulum• acetabular labrum – fibrocartilagineous ring deepens the acetabulum and clasps the head of the femur to form a more stable joint2. head: femoral head3. capsula attachment to the intertrochanteric line and crest4. intracapsular ligament (ligamentum capitis femoris) contains vessel to supply the head and the acetabulumARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIEShead of femurAcetabulumLig. capitis femorisHyalinknorpelLig.capitisfemoris
HIP JINT:Extracapsular ligament (reinforce the atriculation)1. Iliofemoral ligament:• strongest ligament• anterior part of the capsule2. Pubofemoral ligament• inferomedial part of the capsule3. Ischiofemoral ligament• posterior part of the capsuleARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
MOVEMENT POSSIBILITIES OF THE HIP JOINTS 1. Flexion2. Extension3. Abduction4. Adduction5. Rotation6. Circumduktion
ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIESKNEE JOINT• Hinge joint• largest and complex joint of the body1. socket: proximal part of the tibia (tibial condyles)2. head: distal end of the femur (femoral condyles)• the articulation between the femur and the tibia is a hinge joint with a small amount of rotation • the articulation between the patella and the femur is a plane joint were the patella glides on the femur
ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIESMENISCI OF THE KNEE JOINT• the articular surface is incongruence - compensited by the menisciMENISCI: 1. medial 2. lateral• The medial one is fused with the tibial collateral ligament, it has less mobility ML: Meniscus lat.MM: Meniscus med.ACL: Lig. cruciatum ant.Tl: Ligamentum transversum genusPT Lig.pPatellae
LIGAMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINTI. Extracapsulare ligaments:a) Medial (tibial) collateral ligament: fixed to the medial meniscus, it is more prone to be involved in certain sports injuriesb) Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament: free from the capsule of the knee jointc) Patellar ligament: attachment of the quadriceps femoris muscle on the tibial tuberosity. Patella is embbeded into itII. Intracapsulare ligaments:d) Anterior cruciate ligamente) Posterior cruciate ligament• Rotatory movementARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES1=Femoral insertion of the posterior cruciate ligament, 2=anterior cruciate ligament (posterolateral), 3=anterior cruciate ligament (anteromedial bundle), 4=anterior horn of the lateral meniscus, 5=coronary ligament (meniscotibial capsule), 6=anterior horn of the medial meniscus, 7=lateral epicondyle, 8=lateral collateral ligament, 9=medial epicondyle, 10=medial collateral ligament, 11=patellar tendon (cut), 12=head of the fibula, 13=biceps femoris tendon (cut), 14=iliotibial tract insertion in the anterior tubercle or Gerdy’s tubercle (cut), 15=anterior compartment muscles of the leg, 16=pes anserinus (cut). 1=tibial insertion of the PCL, 2=posteromedial bundle of the PCL, 3=anterolateral bundle of the PCL, 4=lateral meniscus, 5=posterior meniscofemoral ligament 6=femoral insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament, 7=medial meniscus, 8=lateral epicondyle, 9=lateral collateral ligament, 10=soleus fibular insertion muscle, 11=popliteus muscle, 12=popliteus tendon, 13=popliteo meniscal ligament (arcuate ligament), 14=biceps femoris tendon (cut), 15=medial collateral ligament, 16=semimembranosus tendon (cut), 17=popliteal surface. PCL=posterior cruciate ligament. (Figure copyright © Pau Golanó).PatellaLig.patellae
MOVEMENTS OF THE KNEE JOINTFLEXION - EXTENSION:• at the end of the extension some rotation of the distal end of the tibia is possible on the upper end of the tibia ROTATION:• possible only in a flexed position of the leg - the collateral and cruciate ligaments are not tense during the rotation: the posterior cruciate ligament prevents the movement of the femur forward on the tibia the anterior cruciate ligament the movement backward
ANKLE JOINT (TIBIOTALAR JOINT)• Hinge joint1. head: upper part of the talus (trochlea)2. socket: lower articulation surface of the tibia• the lateral and the medial malleolus stabilize the joint 3. Deltoid ligament – medial ligament- from the tibial malleolus, talus, calcaneus to the navicular4. Lateral ligament: anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular and posterior talofibular ligamentARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
MOVEMENTS OF THE ANKLE JOINT1. Plantar flexion – smallest area of the talus is in contact with the tibia2. Dorsal flexion – reverse movement
TALOCALCANEONAVICULAR JOINT (subtalar joint):• ball and socket variety1. the ball is the head of the talus2. socket: navicular and calcaneus3. Bifurcate ligament: • arrises from the upper surface of the calcaneus and diverges to the upper surface of the cuboid and the navicular 4. Long plantar ligament:• covers the plantar surface of the calcaneus - it extends from the calcanear tuberosity• attaches to the cuboid • extends forward to the three metatarsal bones5. Short plantar ligament (plantar calcaneocuboid ligament)ARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
MOVEMENTS OF THE TALOVALCANEONAVICULAR JOINTI. INVERSION (SUPINATION):• raising the medial border of the foot, it is accompinied by the adduction of the more part of the footII. EVERSION (PRONATION):• raising the lateral border of the foot, it is accomponied by the abduction of the fore part of the foot
1. calcaneocuboid joint2. cuneonavicular joint3. tarsometatarsal joints4. metatarsophalangeal joints5. Interphalangeal jointsARTICULATIONS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITIES
1. Chopart 2. Lisfranc AMPUTATION LEVELS OFTHE FOOT
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BIBLIOGRAPHYGray’s AnatomyKeith L. Moor: Clinically Oriented AnatomyR.M.H.McMinn: Last’s Anatomy Regional and AppliedSobotta Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 2.Werner Platzer: Color Atlas of Human Anatomy, Vol. 1. Locomotor Systemhttp://wikipedia.comhttp://home.comcast.net/wnor/tableofmuscles.htmhttp://humananatomychart.ushttp://slideplayer.com
BIBLIOGRAPHIETheodor Schiebler, Walter Schmidt: Anatomie, Zytologie, Histologie, Entwicklungsgeschichte, makroskopische und mikroskopischeAnatomie des Menschen, Springer – Verlag, fünfte, korrigierte Auflage, 1991.Renate Lüllmann – Rauch: Taschenlehrbuch, Histologie. 3. Auflage, Georg Thieme Verlag, StuttgartE-learning.studmed.unibe.chwww.wikipedia.dehttp://www.embryology.ch/https://academic.amc.eduhttps://quizlet.comhttp://www.cram.com/flashcards/http://e-learning.studmed.unibe.ch/http://flexikon.doccheck.com/http://ctrgenpath.net/static/atlas/mousehistology/
BIBLIOGRAPHYhttp://fisiobrasaogouveia.blogspot.huhttp://www.easynotecards.comhttp://www.sportsinjurysurgery.co.ukhttp://www.gwc.maricopa.eduhttps://www.coursehero.comhttps://www.studyblue.comhttp://www.med.umich.eduhttp://www.kneesource.comhttps://homes.bio.psu.eduhttp://www.aspetar.com/journal/viewarticle.aspx?id=13#.WL1QuG81-70http://s2takai.sakura.ne.jp/https://www.slideshare.net/funkyprof/slideshow-foot-boneshttp://www.nusim.fraunhofer.dehttps://www.slideshare.net/SuhailaNajah/jaringan-tulang-66960080http://www.unifr.ch/anatomy/elearning/de/stuetzgewebe/knochen/d-knochen.phphttp://www.exprow.jecool.net/celkovy_popis_kosti_-_ossa_cranii.htmlhttp://musculoskeletalkey.com/the-knee/
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Yıl : 2020
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